| Chapter |
| Types of Text |
| 1 |
Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. But the type of text above is dividedinto 3 main type of text. They are Narration, Description, Argumentation.
- Narration
Text types that included in this group are Narrative text, Recoun text, News Item text, Review text, Anecdote text.
All text types above is include Narrative which porpuse to tell about an event and inform the readers about something.
- Description
Kind of text that including to this group is Report text, Analytical Exposition, Descriptive text which more give pressure at describe about something.
- Argumentation
Type of text that include this kind is Analytical expositon text, Hartatoryexpositon text, and Discussion text. All kind of text above is include Narrative which porpuse to give reason to suppose or to break some arguments or phenomenal.
“NARRATIVE TEXT”
A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
· Social Function:
To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
· Generic Structure:
Orientation | It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story areintroduced ( who was involved, when and where was it happened) |
Complication | Where the problems in the story developed ( a problem arises and followed by other problems) |
Resolution | Where the problems in the story is solved ( provide solution to the problem) |
· Language Features:
1. Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
2. Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
3. Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
4. Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
5. Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
6. Behavioral process ( breathe, snore, dream…)
7. Verbal process ( said, told, asked …)
8. Mental process ( think, understand, like….)
· Example Of Narrative Text
TimunEmas
Long time ago in the island of Java, Indonesia, lived a couple of farmer. They had married for some years but they had no children. So they prayed to a monster called ButaIjo to give them children. ButaIjo was a ferocious and powerful monster. He granted their wish on one condition. When their children had grown up, they had to sacrifice them to ButaIjo. He liked eating fresh meat of human being. The farmers agreed to his condition. Several months later the wife was pregnant.
She gave birth to a beautiful baby girl. They named her TimunEmas. The farmers were happy. TimunEmas was very healthy and a very smart girl. She was also very diligent. When she was a teenager ButaIjo came to their house. TimunEmas was frightened so she ran away to hide. The farmers then told ButaIjo that TimunEmas was still a child. They asked him to postpone. ButaIjo agreed. He promised to come again. The following year ButaIjo came again. But again and again their parents said that TimunEmas was still a child.
When the third time ButaIjo came their parents had prepared something for him. They gave TimunEmas several bamboo needles, seeds of cucumber, dressing and salt.
‘Timun, take these things’
‘What are these things?’
‘These are your weapons. ButaIjo will chase you. He will eat you alive. So run as fast as you can. And if he will catch you spread this to the ground. Now go!’
TimunEmas was scared so she ran as quickly as she could. When ButaIjo arrived she was far from home. He was very angry when he realized that his prey had left. So he ran to chase her. He had a sharp nose so he knew what direction his prey ran.
TimunEmas was just a girl while ButaIjo was a monster so he could easily catch her up. When he was just several steps behind TimunEmas quickly spread the seeds of cucumber. In seconds they turned into many vines of cucumber. The exhausted ButaIjo was very thirsty so he grabbed and ate them. When ButaIjo was busy eating cucumber TimunEmas could run away.
But soon ButaIjo realized and started running again. When he was just several steps behind TimunEmas threw her bamboo needles. Soon they turned into dense bamboo trees. ButaIjo found it hard to pass. It took him some time to break the dense bamboo forest. Meanwhile TimunEmas could run farther.
ButaIjo chased her again. When he almost caught her again and again TimunEmas threw her dressing. This time it turned into a lake. ButaIjo was busy to save himself so TimunEmas ran way. But ButaIjo could overcome it and continued chasing her.
Finally when TimunEmas was almost caught she threw her salt. Soon the land where ButaIjo stood turned into ocean. ButaIjo was drowned and died instantly.
TimunEmas was thankful to god and came back to her home. TimunEmas and her parents lived happily ever after.
*******************
The End :)
“RECOUNT TEXT”
· Social function :
To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
· Generic Structure:
Orientation | Provides the setting and introduces participants( giving information about what, who, where and when) |
Events | Tell what happened in a chronological order |
Reoriention | Optional , closure of events |
· Language Features:
1. Focus on spesific participant( nouns and pronouns: We, He, She Army, The Girl, The animal, etc. )
2. Material process ( Action verbs: go, sleep, run etc )
3. Past tense
4. Temporal sequence ( after, before , then )
5. Conjuction ( but , and, so, …)
6. Circumstances of time and place( adverb / adverb phrases showing time and place )
· Example of Recount Text
My Bed Day On Sunday
I had a terrible day yesterday. First, I woke up an hour laate because my alarm clock didn’t go on. I was in such in hurry that I burned my hand when I was making breakfast. After breakfast I got dresses so quickly that I forgot to wear socks.
Next, I run out of the house tryingto get the 9.30 bus , of course I missed it. I want to take a taxi , but I didn’t have enough money.
Finally, I walked the three miles to my schoolonly to discover that it was Sunday !. I hope I never have aday as the one I had yesterday.
“DESCRIPTIVE TEXT”
· Purpose:
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
· Generic Structure:
Identification | Identify phenomenon to be described |
Description | Describe or giving information about specific participant eg : comes from…, the colour, the size, the favourite things etc |
· Language Features:
1. Specific participant ( nouns )
2. Simple present
3. Attributive and identifying Process( relating verbs which informs about the subject)
4. Various adjectives like : describing, numbering, classifying , two white fangs, two strong legs etc
5. Detailed noun phrase to inform about the subject
· Example of Descritive Text
Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
“REPORT TEXT”
· Social function:
To describe the way things are with reference to arange of natural , man made and social
phenomena in our environment.
It is the result of systematic observation or analysis.
It is general conclusion, general statement about.
· Generic Structure:
General classification | Tell what phenomena under discussion is/introduces the topic of the report. |
Description | Tells the phenomena is like in the terms of *parts and their function *Qualities *Habits or behaviours |
· Language Feature:
1. Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
2. Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
3. Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun, birds fly, they eat)
4. Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
5. Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
· Example of Report Text
KOMODO DRAGON
Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and woodland of a few Indonesian islands.
Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200 pounds (91 kg)
Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.
The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the Komodo dragon's saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.
This lizard species is threatened by hunting, loss of prey species and habitat loss.
“EXPLANATION TEXT”
There are Two basic types of Explanation text :
Explaining how :
§ Mechanical explanation ( how does a pump work?)
§ Technological explanation ( how does a computer work? )
§ System explanation ( How does a company work? )
§ Natural explanation ( how are mountains formed? )
Explaining why :
§ Why does things float and other sink?
§ Why does iron go rusty?
· Social Function :
To give an account of how something works or reasons for some phenomenon ( why is it so? How does it work?)
· Generic Structure:
General statement | Introducing the matter of the natural phenomenon |
Explanation | Initiating the existing process in the formation such as natural phenomenon |
Closing | Reinforcing that something in the case |
· Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voices
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voices
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
· Example of Explanation Text
Why Eiffel Tower was Built
If we talk about the Wonders of the World buildings, then we will see Eiffel Tower as one of them. However many of us do not know the tower’s past history on why it was build. Everything has the reasonable background, especially for the tower which is to be one of the most recognized buildings in the world.
Primarily, the Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition. It was called Paris Exposition in 1889. The exhibition was organized to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The purpose of building Eiffel Tower in such structure was to show to the world France’s advancement of technology and beauty. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. It seemed that then the name of the tower was derived from the designer’s last name, “Eiffel”
Another reason on why the tower was built was for scientific progress. Although few realized it, the Eiffel Tower would become the prominent structure in terms of science and technology. Many experiment with temperature, pressure and pendulums were performed atop the unique famous building. Additionally the Eiffel Tower was used for radio transmission tower. Many experiments were conducted atop the Eiffel Tower for radio transmission advancement. Once the Eiffel Tower was proposed to be demolished but it was spared because the tower had the promising future as a radio tower.
“ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION TEXT”
· Social function :
To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
· Generic Structure:
Thesis | Statement/opinion about a subject matter, usually factual rumors and to indicate the writer’s position. |
Arguments | Reason of why the case should or should not be and its elaboration. |
Reiteration/Conclusion | restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented |
· Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
· Example of Analytical Exposition
The power of music in our life
Do you agree that music is important in our life? Yes I do, music has certain role completing our day to day activities. Here are some reasons why music is heard everywhere and anywhere.
Music is a way to express feelings. When we fall in love, the kind of music we’d listen to would be all about love. When we’re sad, we would go for music that is melancholic in nature and immerse ourselves in the sadness. When we’re happy, we’d choose songs with happy tunes too.
Song can help to memorize the last experiences. A favorite song is a powerful documentary. People with Alzheimer which are impaired the brain would remember details about songs they were familiar with. For example, an elderly woman who couldn’t even remember her husband’s name would remember the details of her favorite song; when it was played, how it made her feel and things about the song that made it especially memorable for her.
Further, music can unite people for a cause and changes the world. A song with good lyric and striking deep chord can stimulate the universal feeling of all people. We can see it in the case of the famous and legendary Michael Jacson's Heal the World. It can arouse humanism of a lot people in this world.
So what would the world be like without music? It would be lonely.
”HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT”
· Social function :
To persuade/recommen the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
To persuade/recommen the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
· Generic Structure:
Thesis | Stating an issue of concern |
Arguments | Giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation |
Recommendation | Consist of suggestion as the follow up of the presented matter |
· Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
· Example of Hortatory Exposition text
Use English
Many of us are dismayed about the quality of our education, which is not commensurate with the high cost spent on school fees. It is way below our expectations if we compare our graduates with those who studied overseas, especially concerning the mastery of English.
It is important to know that most of employments require competence in English, for office work and correspondence. Government officials, speakers, writers and observers use a lot of English.
Then the important thing is to use English as a medium in schools so that we can compete with graduates from abroad. All students have studied English since they are in junior high school. Even some of them had been introduced with English when they were in elementary school. However, lots of graduates have less English skills. Learning English is difficult but it is more difficult to customize us with it
Then it will be beneficial to have TV films in English like in Singapore. It will help to increase our graduates’ competence in English.
”PROCEDURE TEXT”
· Social Function :
To show a proess in order , its social function is ti describe now something s completely done through a sequence of series.
To show a proess in order , its social function is ti describe now something s completely done through a sequence of series.
· Generic Structure:
Goal/Aim | The final purpose of doing the instruction |
Materials/Equipments | Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions |
Steps/Methods | A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose |
· Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence( cut ,, don’t mix,….)
3. Using adverb
4. Using action verb ( put, turn , ..)
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence( cut ,, don’t mix,….)
3. Using adverb
4. Using action verb ( put, turn , ..)
5. Using connectives(first, then, finally)
· Example of Procedure Text
How to insert SIM card to cellphone
Cellphone is a modern communication device which connects one to the others by voice, writtenmessage and data. However this device can not work until the SIM card is inserted.
When inserting the SIM Card to cellphone, make sure that the cellphone has been switched off and follow the direction bellow:
First of all, press the locking catch and slide the cover then lift it off the phone.
After that, push two catches in the opposite directions and remove the battery.
Next, slide the SIM card carefully into the slot and make sure that the golden connect arson are facing to the connector of the phone.
Then, put the battery and align it until snaps into its place.
Finally, insert the two catches of the back cover corresponding slot in the phone and slide the cover forward button of the phone until locks into place
Don't forget to switch on the cellphone. Wait until it is ready to use.
“DISCUSSION TEXT”
· Social function :
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
· Generic Structure:
Issue | Presenting the problem is going to be discussed |
Arguments for | Reason and elaboration from those who support the issue |
Arguments against | Reason and elaboration from those who oppose the issue |
Conclusion | General conclusion of he discussion. It may also contain recommendation |
· Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be (is, are, etc.)
3. Using thinking verb (think, feel, hope believe, etc.)
4. Using general and abstract noun ( we, everybody, the society,alcohol,abortion,
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be (is, are, etc.)
3. Using thinking verb (think, feel, hope believe, etc.)
4. Using general and abstract noun ( we, everybody, the society,alcohol,abortion,
smoking, etc)
5. Using conjunction/transition( meanwhile, on the other hand,furthermore, besides, etc.)
6. Using modality( will, can’t, must, should, etc.)
7. Using adverb of manner (generally, ethically,socially ,hopefully. etc.)
5. Using conjunction/transition( meanwhile, on the other hand,furthermore, besides, etc.)
6. Using modality( will, can’t, must, should, etc.)
7. Using adverb of manner (generally, ethically,socially ,hopefully. etc.)
· Example of Discussion Text
National Exam in Pro and Cons
National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the go-vernment on the organization of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen without natipnal exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try to defend the current system.
Hoever there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students' competences throughout the semester.In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several subjects, on a national scale.
“REVIEW TEXT”
· Social function :
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
· Generic Structure:
Orientation | Give background information on the text ( title, author, type of work, setting, and a brief synopsis |
Interpretative Recount | Summary of an art works including characters and plot |
Evaluation | Concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one. |
Evaluative Summation | The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized. |
· Language Features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
· Example of Review Text
2012 Film Review
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.
2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost threatens the entire mission.
Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012 film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented president. ChiwetelEjiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon.All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy. Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over the end credits.
“ANECDOTE TEXT”
· Social Function :
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
· Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda
· Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
· Example of Anecdote Text
Blessing behind tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
Generic Structure Analysis
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.
Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
“SPOOF TEXT”
· Social Function :
To tell an event with a humorous twist, unpredictable funny ending which purpose to entertain or amuse the readers
To tell an event with a humorous twist, unpredictable funny ending which purpose to entertain or amuse the readers
· Generic Structure:
Orientation | Contains the introduction of characters and the setting of the sstory (who were involved, when and where was happened ) |
Events | Tell what happened in a chronological order |
Twist | Provide the funniest part/ the unpredictable funny ending of the story |
· Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged (first, then, finally, etc.)
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged (first, then, finally, etc.)
· Example of Spoof text
The Perfect Husband?
Several men are in the locker room of a golf club. A cell phone on a bench rings and a man engages the hands-free speaker function and begins to talk. Everyone else in the room stops to listen.
MAN: "Hello"
WOMAN: "Honey, it's me. Are you at the club?"
MAN: "Yes"
WOMAN: "I'm at the mall now and found this beautiful leather coat. It's
only $1,000. Is it OK if I buy it?"
MAN: "Sure, go ahead if you like it that much."
WOMAN: "I also stopped by the Mercedes dealership and saw the new 2007
models. I saw one I really liked."
MAN: "How much?"
WOMAN: "$80,000."
MAN: "OK, but for that price I want it with all the options."
WOMAN: "Great! Oh, and one more thing. The house we wanted last year is back on the market. They're asking $950,000."
MAN: "Well, then go ahead and give them an offer, but just offer $900,000."
WOMAN: "OK. I'll see you later! I love you!"
MAN: "Bye, I love you, too."
The man hangs up. The other men in the locker room are looking at him in astonishment. Then he smiles and asks: "Anyone know whose phone is???!!!"
”NEWS ITEM”
· Social function :
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
· Dominant Generic Structure:
Headline | Title of the news, usually printed in telescopic letter |
Newsworthy | Contining main and essensial news of the day |
Background event | Elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident |
Source | Comments from the witneses or authorities from witch the news is citied or quoted |
· Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs( said, told, etc.)
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs( said, told, etc.)
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
· Example of News Item Text
Growing Number of High School Student Smoking
A survey has found about 13 percent of first-time smokers in the country are junior high school students. It also revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers.
The survey was conducted in five major cities across the country, including Surakarta in Central Java.
Muhammad SyahrilMansyur, the Surakarta Health Agency’s respiratory illness division, said that the finding of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers. "This situation is a cause for concern,” he said. “It appears the country’s younger generation is uneducated about the health risks of smoking.”
The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the government refuses to sign the international convention on tobacco control. It said that cigarette producers contributed to a large amount to state revenue and gave jobs to thousands of workers.
Some text types are quite difficult to differ. Such report and descriptive text have the similarity in the social function and generic structure. However if they are analyzed carefully, the slight difference between the two text types will reveal.
The purpose of the two texts are to give the live-description of the object/participant. Both the report and descriptive text try to show rather than tell the reader about the factual condition of the object. Readers by themselves will catch the impressive point of the object through that showing writing style.
What make different, between report and descriptive text, is the scope of the written object. If we talk about, eg: bicycle, it belongs to report text. It will talk about bicycle in general; its parts, physical strengh, function for certain people or other general characters of bike. In the other hand, descriptive text will convey more focus, for example "my bicycle" with its specific characters; colour, lengh, wheel style, etc.
In short, report text describes the way of certain things and frequently refer to phenomenon of nature, animal and scientific object. Mostly, report is written after getting careful observation. This scientific and technical sense make clearer difference from descriptive text. The way of descriptive text in showing thing is based on the objective fact of the thing. It describe the specific thing simply as the thing is.
Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts have the similarity in which both describe how to make or done something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have to analyze the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern of commend in building the structure. It use the “to infinitive verb” which is omitted the “to”. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full commend verb. Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily activity. For example how to make a cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the best example of the procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare the cup, and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the text. Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how certain phenomenon or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami works are the best example of explanation text. It uses passive pattern in describing the topic
Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the past event to be a present event.
What does recount differ from narrative?
The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic structure. Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or place; what happened on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes series of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The event happened smoothly. On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard potrait of participant's past experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is the most important element in a narrative text. Narrative without comflicts is not narrative any more.
Seeing the social function, both procedure and explanation texts have the similarity in which both describe how to make or done something. They give the detail description on something, phenomena, goods, product case or problem.
To see the differences between explanation and procedure, we have to analyze the dominant language feature and how the texts are used.
Procedure, this text type is commonly called as instruction text. It uses pattern of commend in building the structure. It use the “to infinitive verb” which is omitted the “to”. It is a kind of instruction text which uses full commend verb. Procedure is commonly used to describe how to make something which is close to our daily activity. For example how to make a cup of tea, how to make a good kite, etc is the best example of the procedure text. It is such word; first boil water, secondly prepare the cup, and so on.
Explanation, it is commonly used the passive voice in building the text. Explanation is such a scientific written material. It describes how certain phenomenon or event happen. How a tornado form, how tsunami works are the best example of explanation text. It uses passive pattern in describing the topic.
| Chapter |
| Types of Expressing |
| 2 |
1. Expressing Greetings and Leave taking
Formal greetings | Informal greetings |
o Good morning o Good day o Good afternoon o Good evening o Good night | o Hi, laLa! o Morning Junior ! o Hello dear… |
Initial greetings | Responding |
o How are you ? o How’s it going ? o How are you doing ? o How’s life ? | o Very well , thank you. How about you ? o I’m glad/okay/right o Very well, thanks o Oh, pretty good o Not too bad,thanks o Fine , thanks o Excellent |
Pre-Closing | Closing/leave-taking |
o Ok…then o I’ve got to go now o So,I’ll see you next week o I think I’d better go now o Well’ its time for me to leave o I must be going home | o Goodbye o Bye-bye o See you o Take care o See you later o See you soo o See you tonight o Good night |
2. Expressing feeling
Happiness(Formal) | Happiness(Infromal) |
o I can’t say how pleased i’m o What a marvelous place I’ve seen o It’s an outstanding adventure o It’’s an interesting experience | o Great ! o Exciting ! o Fantastic ! o Super ! o Terrific ! o Smashing ! o Hey,, that’s a teriffic/great |
Boredom(formal) | Boredom(informal) |
o I think it was a boring holiday o It sounds boring o It’s totally/awfully boring o I’m rather bored o How boring ! o I don’t think the trip was very interesting o I’m fed up with it | o It’s a totally boring o How boring o How unexciting o Dull o Not interesing |
Disappointment(formal) | Disappointment(Informal) |
o That’s very disappointing o I must say I’m really disappinted o It a great disppointment o That’s too bad | o Oh,,no ! o That’s too bad o That’s a real shame o It’s a real shame o Bad luck ! |
3. Expressing asking if someone remembers or not
Formal expressions | Informal expressions |
o I wonder if you remember….. o You remember…, don’t you ? o You haven’t forgotten,…,don’t you ? o Don’t you remember …? o Do you happen to remember it now ? | o Remember the old house we used to live in ? o Remember that ? |
Ways to responds(formal) | Ways to responds(Informal) |
o Let me think,, yeah , I remember it now o I remember , especially the scenary o I’ll never forget that o I’ll allways remember o I can remember it clearly | o Hold on .. yes I got it now o I know…. o It’s coming back to me now |
Responds if you forget |
o Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten o I’m afraid I’m forget o I’m really can’t remember |
4. Expessing asking and showing attention
Asking or attention(Formal) | Asking for attention(Informal) |
o Excuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you . . . o May I have your attention , please ? o Excuse me … o Sorry to trouble/bother you … | o Look at me ..! o Look , ‘ve got here.. o Look here ! o Look ! o Hey ! o Attention , please o Excuse me |
Showing attention | |
o I see . . . o Oh ,yes … o Mmm … o Aha …. o How interesting ! o I know what your mean | o Well, well, well … o Tell me more about it o Really ? o Oh my God !what ? o What’s the next ? |
5. Expressing inviting someone
Offering an invitation |
o Why don’t we …? o How about…? o I’d like to invite/ask you to… o Would you like to…? o I wonder if you’d like to … o I’d like you to come to … o How about going to the … |
Accepting an invitation | Declining an invitation |
o Thank you , I’d be glad/happy to go o Thank you so much for inviting me o Yes I’d love to o Sure o Great o All right | o I’m so sorry. I’ll be very busy tonight o I,m afraid that I can’t join with you o I’d love to , but … |
6. Expressing symphaty
Offering condolences | Responding to condolences |
o I’m sorry to hear that o Let me offer my condolences o Let me tell you how sorry I’m o I know how you uust feel o You must feel terrible about losing your brother like that | o Thank you o That’s very kind of you o There’s nothing can be done about it o It’s God will, I suppose o God gives and God takes away o That’s life |
7. Expressing Offering
Offering | |
o Would you like … ? o Should I get you a …..? o Could I offer you …? o Would you care of … ? o Have some …? | o What can I get for you ? o What will you have ? o Want some … ? o Why don’t you …? o Ice cream …? |
Accepting an offer | Declining an offer |
o Thank you o Yes, please o I’d like it very much o Thank you , I would o That would be very nice o Of course | o No, thanks o No, I don’trreeally want , thank you o Not for me , thanks o I would lie , but … |
8. Expressing Thanks
Expressing gratitude | Responds |
o Thank you o Many thanks o Thank you very much o Thanks a lot o Thanks. o Thank you very much for… o I’m grateful for… | o Thanks anyway o No thank you o No thanks o You are welcome. o That’s all right o Not at all o Don’t mention it o Thet’s all right o Any time |
9. Expressing congratulations
Congrartulations | Responds |
o Congratulations ! o May I congratulate you to …? o I must congratulate you to …? o Please accept my warnestcongrartulations on … o I congratulate you on … o Please accept my heartist congratulations o It was great to hear… o It was to hear about…. | o Thank you o Thank you and the same to you o Thank you. I need it. o Thank you very much. |
10. Expressing compliment
Compliment | Responds |
o That’s a lovely cake o That was a nice . . o You look good in your new dress o What a lovely garden o You’ve done a great job o You’re doing just fine o Well done o You’re doing great | o Thank you o I’m glad you enjoyed it o Thanks. Do you really think so ? o Thank you very much o I’m glad you like it o Thanks a lot |
11. Expressing believe/not
Asking if you believe/not | Responds |
o Do you believe it ? o Wouldn’t believe it ? o Can you imagine that…? o You don’t believe it, do you ? o Don’t you think it’s odd that …. | o No , I don’t believe it o Are you serious ? o Are yyoujoking ? o Are you kidding ? o You must be kidding o Oh, no ! that’s not true o You don’t say o Seeing is believing |
12. Expressing being surprised
Telling surprised news | Responds |
o Guess,what ? o Surprise ! o You won’t believe it o I’ve got news for you o Do you know what ? | o Oh, no that’s not true o You don’t say o Really ? that sound interesting o Really ? it’s surprising that . . . o Good heavens o That is a really surprise |
13. Expressing Warning
Informative Notice | Do this |
o Out of order o No vacancie o Sold out | o Keep right o Keep the room clean o Keep run o Kkeep walking o Stay down |
Don’t do this | Watch out |
o No smoking o No littering o No parking o No exit o Don’t lean out the window o Please don’t disturb o Please don’t feed the animals o Keep oof the grass o Silence. Examination is in progress o Don’t leave bag unattended | o Watch your head o Fragile ( be carefull,this will beak easily) o Watch your step o Look out behind you |
14. Expressing Advice
Asking for advice | Offering advice |
o Do you think I ought to…? o What do you think I should…? o Should I ….? o If you were me , what would you …? o If you were in my situation, would you …? o Do you have any advice for me ? o Do you have anny recommendation about … ? o Can you recommend…? | o I think you’d better … o If I were you , I’d … o It would probably be a good idea to… o Why don’t you try …? o How about …? o Try ignoring her for a while o I’d say that you’d better … o I advice you to … o My advice is … o I suggest that … o Let me suggest that … o I recommend that … o My recommendation is … |
15. Expressing permission
Asking permission | Giving permission |
o Can I … ,please ? o Please let me …. o May I …. , please ? o Do you mind if I …? o May I have your permission …? | o Sure , go ahead o No,I don’t mind o Why not ? o You have my permission o Certainly |
Denying permission | |
o No, you may not o You can’t o Yes I do mind | o I absolutely forbid you o I will not permit you too… o I don’t think so |
16. Expressing Relief, Pain, and Pleasure
Expressing Relief | |
o Oh,that’s a relief o Thanks Godness for that o Thanks Heavens ! o Oh,good ! o How marvelous ! o Oh,what a relief ! o Phew ! o Thank God for that | o I’m very relieved to hear that o Good for you o I’m glad it is done o I’m glad everything is run well o I’m extremely glad to hear that o What a relief ! o I feel so relieved o It’s very relaxing |
Interjection ( express pain ) | |
o Ouch ! it hurts me so much o Oouch! Stop pinching me o Oh ! my head aches o It’s very painful. I cant’t stand it | o Ah !what is it ? o Ouch ! that’s hurt o Aw ! the pain hurt me so much |
Expressing pleasure/pleased | |
o I’m very pleased with … o Oh !how marvelous ! o Oh , its wonderful o It’s a ggood news o I’m very delighted o It’s give me great pleasure o I can’t say how pleasure I am o Great ! | o Smashing ! o Teriffic ! o Fantastic ! o Super ! o I’m glad you like it o This is great , isn’t it ? o I can’t say how delighted I am |
17. Expressing Opinions
Asking other people’s opinion | |
o What do you think of … ? o Is that true that ...? o Do you think it’s going … ? | o What’s your opinion ? o Please give me your opinion about …? o Do you have any idea ? o Why do they behave like that ? |
Giving opinions | |
o In my opinion … o I personally believe/think/feel that … o Not everyone will agree with me, but… o To my mind … o From my point of view … o As I see it … o I think/believe/feel … | o I’m certain/sure/positive … o I agree/disagree … o It seems that … o Well,personally …. o If I had my way, I would … o In my case … o Absolutely … |
18. Expressing agreement and disagreement
Saying that you agree | |
o Yes I agree with you o I’m sure you are right o That’s right o I think so too o I absolutely agree | o That’s exactly what I think o Yes I suppose so o I don’t have any objections |
Saying that you don’t agree politely | |
o I see your point, but … o Yes,may be ,, but … o You may be right , but … o Do you think so ? o I see what you mean but … | o To some extent, yes. But … o I don’t think so … o I don’t agree with you … o I don’t like the idea… |
Making conclusion | |
o In conclusion …we can state that… o Therefore,…we can state that… o To conclude,… we can state that… | o From the statement …we can conclude that o From the facts above,… we can conclude that … o On this basis, we agree that … |
19. Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
Asking about satisfaction/dissatistaction | Expression satisfaction |
o How do you like …? o Is everything okay ? o Is everything satisfactory ? o Did you find our service satisfactory ? o Do you want to complain about something ? o Are you dissatisfied with something ? | o I really like … o I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done o It was satisfactory … o Everything was just perfect ... o I’m happy enough with it … o It was okay. Not too bad |
Expression dissatisfaction | Responding to dissatisfaction |
o I’m a little satisfied with … o I’m a bit disappointed… o I don’t like … o I have a complain … o I want to make a compliment … o I’m very dissatisfied with … | o I see… o I’m sorry to hear that… o I’ll try and take care of it … o I’ll look into it o I’ll see what I can do about it |
20. Expressing Love, sorrow and Attention
Expressing love | Expressing sorow |
o I love you o I love too o I really love you and I always will o I truly love you endlessly o I’ll never stop loving you o There’s nothing that compares wih My love for you o Words fail to convey how much I love you o My love will never caese till the end of time | o She was overhelmet by her sorrow o My heart is so burned o I can’t tell My pain and sorrow in words o It brought me a lot of misery o I’m so sad to hear it o I regret having to do this |
Expressing Attention | |
o Oh, realy? o It’s amazing o Oh poor Creature ! o What a poor Girl she is ! | o Why not ? o How lucky he is ? o Well go on o What happened then ? |
21. Expresing Embarrassment and anger
Expressing Embarrassment | Asking if someone is angry |
o It’s raely make me ashamed o He was so ashamed o I was very Embarrassment o How embrrassin ! o Tell me it never happened | o What’s the matter o What happened ? o Did Ii insuldyou ? o Are you angry with me ? o What are you so angry about ? |
Expressing Anger | Calming someone down |
o Well, I never been so insulted in my life o Who are you to say such a thing to me? o What do you mean Idid a trerriblejob ? o Oh, hell o Are you trying to tell me I’m not good enough for you o You, turkey ! o You’re getting me angry o Are you trying to make me angry ? | o Relax o Take it slow o Take it easy o Calm down o Control your self o Don’t be such a worrywart o Don’t trouble your self o Don’t let it bother you o Don’t be so touchy o Don’t be angry with me o Lets try to hold our temper |
22. Expressing Attitudes
Expressing justification | Thinking Expressions |
o That’s why… o Besides... o Because… o What I mean is... o You see… o To be honest... o The reason why... o So... o What I’m saying is... | o Now let me think… o It’s difficult to say exactly o That’s an interesting question o I’ve to thing about it o Thee best way I answer this is… o Let me see… |
Expressing speculation | |
o Maybe … o I guess … o I suppose … | o Perhaps … o It’s quite o Possible that … |
23. Expressing annoyence
Expressing annoyance | |
o I need break o I’m losing my mind o I’m bundle of nerves o I can’t take it anymore o Gosh…what is this ? o I’m so scared o I was teriffied o Oh no ! | o Oh dear ! o What a nuisance ! o How irritating ! o I’m very annoyed o It really make me angry o Wha an idiot o I’m fed up with … o It irritates me … |
Reducing someone’s annoyed | |
o Relax o Take it slow o Take it easy o Calm down o Control your self | o Don’t trouble yourself o Don’t be frightened o Don’t be scared o Don’t be such a worrywart |
24. Expressing a promise
Asking for a promise | |
o Promise me that you’ll get me … o Do you promise to…? o Make a promise ,won’t you ? o I want to promise that you’ll love me forever o Is that a promise ? o Do you give me your word on it ? o Do you swear that you won’t forget me ? | o I promise I’ll do whatever you want o I promise you that… o I’ll promise to lve you endlessly o It’s a promise o I give my word on it o You’ve my word on it o I swear … |
25. Expressing wonder
Asking about feelings | Expressing wonder |
o How do you fell about that ? o What are you thinking about ? o You have something on your mind ? o Is something bothering you ? o What to talk about ? o Are you okay ? o Are you worried about something ? o What are you looking so serious about ? o Is there anything you want to talk‘bout? | o I wonder at… o I wonder how … o I really wonder if … o I’m just wondering if … o I was just wondering how… o I don’t wonder… |
26. Expressing possibility
Asking about possibility | Stating possibility |
o Is it possible to …? o Is there any possibility of …? o What possibility is there that …? o Can you …? o Will you be able to …? o Is there any chance …? o What will probably happened …? | o Maybe o Perhaps o Could be o It’s possible o There’s a good possibility o It’s very likely o There’s a big chance |
27. Expressing wishes
Giving general wishes | |
o I wish you luck o Good luck! o Best of luck o Good fortune be with you o I hope that everything goes okay for you | o I’m sure that everything will work out just fine o May you be happy and successful in your new life o Please give my best wishes for your parents |
Responding to general wishes | |
o Thank you o Many thanks | o Thank you and the same for you |
28. Expressing complaining an giving an order
Expressing complain | Giving an order |
o I want to complain about … o I’m afraid …it just not good enough o What can you do about ? o Something must be done o I’m sorry to say this, but … o I’m afraid, I’ve got a complain about o Would you mind not talking to loudly ? o I wish you wouldn’t bother us | o Give me that ! o Be quite ! o Don’t sit there ! o Ddo it right now , will you ! o Stop it . I tell you ! o Will you hurry up ! o Will you stop talking ! o You must wait here ! o Do you mind not singing ! o I order you to get out o Would you please tositdown ! |
29. Giving suggestion
Asking for suggestion | Offering suggestion |
o Do you think I ough to … ? o What do you think I should ? o Do you have any ideas about …? o Should I try to …? o If you were me , would you tell her ? o If you were in my situation, would you …? o What do you advice I … ? o Do you have ay ideas / advices ? o Can you give me some advice about something ..? o How do you suggest …? o Are you suggesting I … ? o What do recommend …? | o I think you’d better … o I think you’d better … o If I were you , I’d … o It would probably be a good idea to… o Why don’t you try …? o How about …? o Try ignoring her for a while o I’d say that you’d better … o I advice you to … o My advice is … o I suggest that … o Let me suggest that … o I recommend that … o My recommendation is … |
30. Expressing atttitudes
Expressing like | Expressing dislike |
o I like people who are sociable o I enjoy someone who is funny o I really like honest people o I like it when people are reliable o I like it when a person is punctual | o I don’t lie people who leave things all over the place o I hate people who blow smoke on my face o I can’t stand it when people blow smoke on my face o It bother me when someone talks impolitely |
31. Expressing confession and blaming
Expressing confessing | Expressing blaming |
o I admit I was wrong o You’re right and I was wrong o It was my own fault o I’m sorry I’ve made a mistake o I was the one to blame | o It was your own fault o What did you expect ? o I told you but you wouldn’tt listen me o It’s no use crying over split milk o Itt serves you right o Perhaps that’ll teach you a lesson |
32. Expressing a plan
Asking about plans | Stating plans |
o What’s your plan ? o What are you going to do then ? o What do you intent to do ? o What are you planning to do ? | o My plan is … o I’m going to … o I intend to … o I’m planning … |
Hiding plans | |
o I’ve got a particular plan o I can’t tell you now | o I can’t make up my mind o You’ll see later… |
33. Expressing preventing
Ways to say a preventation | Ways to response a preventation |
o I wouldn’t do that … If I were you o I wouldn’t take the risk If I were in your position o You wouldn’t say that if you understood my situation o It’s not a good idea o I think it’s isn’t wise to do o I think that’s not a good idea. You’d better cancel your plan | o I’ll consider that … o I’ll think about that … o I’ll think it over o I’ll reschedule my plan |
34. Showing how you feel
Asking someone’s point of view | Expressing point of view |
o What do you think about …? o Excuse me , what do you feel about ..? o What are you view about ..? o What are feelings about …? o What do you think …? o Have you get any comments about … ? o What is your reaction to …? o I’d be glad to have your point of view about …? o What would you say to…? | o Awful ! I must frankly that … o Personally I believe that … o In my view … o It seems to me … o From my point of view … o I’d just like to say … o Well, to my mind … o Personally , I consider … o To be perfectly frank … |
| Chapter |
| 3 |
| Short functional text |
SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXT
Short Functional Text is a short text that has particular meaning and purpose, and can be used in our daily life. It may be in the form of prohibition, invitation, greeting cards, short message, shopping list, notice, announcement, etc.
A. Announcement
Purpose | To provide complete and clear information about certain events or occasion |
Characteristics |  Straightforward and ease the readers to get information quickly Keep it short, inviting, and to the point. Clear and complete For a bad news, make a direct and no-nonsense statement. |
Example | Futsall matches “Our school futsall matches will begin on Saturday, January 14th 2014. The events will run from 8.00 – 10.00 for the next four weeks. The final tournament will be held on February 14th. For more information, contact Mario Yuven(+62 82359573273)” |
B. Greeting Card
Purpose | To congratulate someone’s achievement, express sympathy on someone’s, and motivate someone on gaining achievement |
Characteristics | Clarify a clear purpose Use an appraisal diction Accurate addressee |
Example | Dear laLa, Congratulation on your success in the final examination. Especially because you got the highest in English subject in our school. You’ve done your best. I’m pround of you. Your friend Army |
C. Invitation card
Purpose | To invite someone to attend an occasion. |
Characteristics | Having an accurate addressee (the person invited) Giving clear time, place, and activity Providing sufficient information about the inviter Expressing that the writer is looking forward to seeing person If there is a dress code, state it in the lower left-hand corner |
Example | Dear CANON members, Please come to my 17th birthday party on : Date : Tuesday , 14th January 2014. Time : 06.00 pm Place : KFC. Wekatimun street 01 ( Yhuli’s home) I really hope that you can come. There will be something missing without you. Army |
D. Short mesagge
Purpose | Written piece of information tat you send/leave to another person |
Characteristics | Clear addressee (someone who receives the message) Straight forward If it is an instruction state it clearly. |
Example | CANON members ! There will be a meeting after school. We will discuss about our plan to have a recreation after final exam. So,please attend the meeting. Army/Chairman |
E. Notice
Purpose | Prohibition notifies people not to do something. People may find this kind of notice in a public places. Caution or warning warns people to be careful in handling something. Ignoring the notice may cause injury or breaking the facilities. Guidance gives information to people to do something appropriately. The informational notice provides information that could be useful for people. | |
Example | § Don't fight! § Don't argue! § Don't tell me to go! § Don't give up on me! § Don't come late § Keep the room clean § No entry § Beware of the dog Waiting room § Switch off all electronic appliances when you don’t need them § Articles are considered sold if you broke them. § No children under 10 years old ! § Keep off the grass § Use the hand dryer § Do not operate without this cover in place. | § No littering § Keep our world clean. § Warning ! High voltage. § Shopliters will be prosecuted. § Keep off the reach of children. § Keep silent, Exam is in progress. § Out of order § No cycling on the footpath. § Caution ! Wet floor. § For pedestrians only. § Keep your distance. § No late comers. § Handle with care ! § Keep tightly closed avoid exposure to light. § Heavy traffic in Suramadu Bridge. § Access for residents only. |
F. Postcard
Purpose | For sending a short message. It can be send in the post with envelope , especially with a picture on it. |
Characteristics | Consist a several parts : Opening ( greeting/salution ) Body (the message ) Pre-closing Closing |
Example |
G. Advertisement
Purpose | Persuade people to buy a product or use of service, or gives information about a job that is available |
Characteristics | |
Example | We are looking for advertising executive ( part time or full time ) If you think that you could fulfill the qualification, do e-mail me your resume ( include of most recent photo, time available to start, time availabe to meet ) to mario.yuven14@gmail.com , Only shortlisted candidate will be informed for the interview. If you are serious, please do so. Requirement : Self-motivated and target-oriented Preferable college or university student Flexible time Must be a good team player Training will be provided Hardworking Remarks income will be based on total sales achieved. |
H.
Purpose | |
Characteristics | |
Example |
I.
Purpose | |
Characteristics | |
Example |
J.
Purpose | |
Characteristics | |
Example |
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